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Free Allegory of the Cave Essays and Papers EssayThe transition from ignorance into knowledge in the pursuit of legality is incomplete a simple nor easy process. Both Sophocles tragedy, Oedipus Rex, and Platos philosophical dialogue, The Allegory of the Cave, use dark and light imagery to explore mans bark to leave an illusory life of comfort in search of absolute truth. Although Oedipus and the captive parallel in their challenges to determinek macrocosm, they differ in their reactions to it. Where Oedipus is ineffectual to clutches the harshness of the truth, the prisoner accepts it. By associating dark with benightedness and falsehood, and light with sight and truth, both(prenominal) narratives depict that man must not only discern illusion and reality in his quest for knowledge but recognize his feature ignorance before he can acquire insight of the world around him.Both Oedipus and the prisoner begin in a state of ignorance, one that is falsely hoped to be the rea lity. Thinking he has avoided fate, Oedipus firmly believes that he is in control of his life, though the referee knows that he is indeed, not. The darkness in his life is represented by his in king to see and understand the truth, as Oedipus hubris makes him unaware of the accepted circumstances of his life. He is a man so self-assured that he is not able to accept the truth when told by Teiresias. Oedipus, blind to the illusion that he is living, can not see the evil(Sophocles, 354) of the crimes he has committed, and cannot view the truth for what it actually is. Teiresias, though blind in both eyes, has true knowledge and understanding of the truth, yet he is mocked by the ignorant king for his lack of sight. In Platos Allegory, the prisoner too, lacks knowledge and understanding of the world around him, albeit in a different matter. Where Oedipus is prevented from seeing the truth by his own hamartia, the prisoner is restricted by chains that hold him captive within the cave . Plato theorizes that since the cave setting is all the prisoner knows, he would believe and accept that there are no realities other than the shadows of handmade things (2). The absence of light in the cave represents the boundaries of the prisoners ability to see he is unable to achieve true knowledge, as doing so would require him to perceive the forms themselves(1) instead of illusions cast by an artificial light. Dark symbolism clearly demonstrates the parallels surrounded by falsehood and illusion in both works, but to achieve true insight, one must pursue a state of knowledge through a strenuous application of insight and reason.The journey to leave the shadows to follow the light is not as favorable as one may be, as true knowledge is harsher and more difficult to accept that the comfort of darkness. Oedipus is relentless in his pursuit of truth in order to catch Laios murderer and save his metropolis of Thebes from the plague. Still stuck in his life of illusion, he is de termined to bring what is light to dark (135), unaware that his persistence will only cause more problems. He curses the murderer of Laios in his ignorance, wishing the culprits life to be consumed in evil and wretchedness (Sophocles, 235). Unbeknownst to him, the sufferings he wishes for do come true, though not in the way he believes. In contrast, The prisoner, having spent his whole life in imprisonment, does not wish to look at what is bright. Too blind by the light of the fire to see clearly, he has to be dragged out by forceinto the light of the sun (Plato, 2). He slowly adjusts to his new environment, and once sour to what is more real, the prisoner realizes that the shadows in the cave were only images of foolery, cast by real objects (2). It is here that the prisoner is seen transitioning from illusion to realityAbsolute truth is harsh, and both Oedipus and the prisoner struggle to accept it. Though he strived to do good by himself and his city, Oedipus, unfortunately, br ings about his own tragic end by relentlessly engage the truth and ignoring warnings of how dreadful (Sophocles, 305) knowledge can be. His quest to find answers does eventually lead him to the absolute truth, but at a heavy cost. Finally realizing the consequences of his actions, and unable to face the evil and horror of his blind wrongs (404), Oedipus looks upon the Light(1037) one final time before gouging out his eyes. Here, light imagery represents truth and knowledge, and although the truth is what Oedipus has so relentlessly pursued, in the end, it is too harsh and he instead chooses to return to the dark. To him, The prisoner, though initially reluctant to explore reality, ultimately achieves enlightenment, represented by his ability to look on the sun itself (Plato, 2).There is a great divide between reality and falsehood. Through the use of contrasting imagery, both Sophocles and Plato illustrate the plights of mankind in the journey to achieve enlightenment and explore the trials man must go through to achieve a similar goal. Through the journeys of Oedipus and the prisoner, the reader understands that barely easy one may believe the quest for truth to be, it is often not so, as to achieve absolute truth, man must realize his own unenlightenment before he can perceive things in their true forms.

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay Example for Free

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories EssayThe purpose of the nurse theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories boost better patient c ar, improve the term of nursing profession, and improve the communication amid the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orems Self-assist deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation determine are considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a conceptual elanl, which identifies the focal point of nursing inquiry and excrete the phylogeny of mid-range theories that will become useful to nurses and also to other wellness professionals. check to Walker and Avant (2011), these theories contributed in conceptually sorting the nursing from the practice of medicine by demonstrating the presence of distinct nursing perspectives. In this essay, Orems Health Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model are compared and analyzed for their importance in nursing. Orems Self-Care Deficit TheoryOrems Self-Care Deficit Theory is one of three grand theories written by Dorothea E. Orem. According to Orem, nursing becomes necessary when an individual can no longer care for him or herself. Nursing provides care through acting, guiding, supporting, teaching, and environmental manipulation promoting personal development. Orem developed this theory from her experience and personal connection with the Vincentian-Louisiana nursing tradition of the Daughters of Charity (Libster, 2008.)Roys Adaptation ModelRoys Adaptation Model provides the framework for nurses by viewing the adaptability of patients to inner(a) and external stimuli in their environments (Alligood Tomey, 2006.) Reponses to these stimuli ca n be either adaptive, which promote the goals of human survival, growth, reproduction and mastery, or non-adaptive (Roys Adaptation, 2011.)MetaparadigmThe metaparadigm for nursing is the concepts that define the nursing practice. Since 1970s, person, nursing, health, and environment are considered as the core concepts of nursing theories by many nursing theorists. mortalAccording to Orem, a person is made of a physical, psychological, and social character with variable degrees of self-care ability (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy views a person as an adaptive system that responds to internal and external stimuli in their environments (Alligood Tomey, 2006.)NursingOrem and Roy have the different attitude toward the concept of nursing. Orem sees nursing as an intervention to meet the daily needs for self-care and medical-care patients need (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy believes nursing as a key player to help patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome from the const ant stimuli exposure. Roys goal is for the patient to progress to adaptation leading to optimum health, well-being, quality of life, death with dignity, and finding in life by participating in their own care (Roy Andrews, 1999.)HealthOrem defines health as physical, mental and social well being (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy views health as a method used by patients to obtain their utmost possible health regardless of the presence or absence of disease.EnvironmentOrem and Roy both state the individual exists in an environment. Orem sees the environment in two dimensions, the physical, chemical, biologic features and socioeconomic features, which work out the self-care requirements of the individual (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) According to Roy, the environment consists of stimuli including conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding an individual, whether focal, contextual, or residual.In PracticeOrems Self-Care Deficit Theory and Roys Adaptation Model can be applied to groups or individuals, and used at any nursing settings. However, Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory is more recommended for the acute-care setting, where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness. Orem focuses on finding the self-care deficit of the patient and providing the necessary care to promote his or her well-being. Whereas, Roy is have-to doe with with the different stimuli that forces adaptation in order to achieve optimal health. Roys Adaptation Model views the person as an adaptive system which includes the four adaptive modes. These adaptive modes are physiological-physical mode, self-concept-group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode. Although first two modes can be identified immediately, the assessment of role function mode and interdependence mode is time consuming. Therefore, Roys Adaptation Model is not suitable for acute-care setting.ConclusionHaving defined nursing theories promotes better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses. In addition to guiding the nurses to provide the best care to the patients, nursing theories are used to promote and guide baccalaureate programs, administration and nursing research. Many organizations now exist to support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of Nursing, is created to support the learning, knowledge and professional development of nurses committed to making a difference in health worldwide (STTI Organizational, 2011.) International Orem Society promote the advancement of nursing science and provide cognition in the area of Orems Theory of Self-Care Deficit Nursing to lead to further advancement of knowledge for the discipline of nursing (International Orem, 2011.) The Roy Adaptation Association (RAA) is a rules of order of nursing scholars who want to advance nursing practice by developing basic and clinical nursing knowledge based on the Roy Adaptation Model (Roy Adaptation, 2011.) These organizations along with progression of the nursing theories will promote the advancement of nursing science and enhance the nursing profession.ReferencesAlligood, M., Tomey, A. (2006). Nursing Theory Utilization Application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby. Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory. (2011, October 14). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from Nursing Theories network sitehttp//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html International Orem Society for Nursing Science and Scholarship. (2011). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http//www.orem-society.com/ Keefe, S. (2011). About Nursing Theory. Retrieved October 22, 2011, from eHow.com Web site http//www.ehow.com/about_5471364_nursing-theory.html Libster, M. (2008). Perspectives on the History of Self-Care. Self-Care and Dependent-care Nursing the ex officio Journal of the International Orem Society, 16(2), 8. Roy Adaptation Associatio n. (2011, October 27). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http//www.bc.edu/content/bc/schools/son/faculty/featured/theorist/Roy_Adaptation_Association.html Roy, C., Andrews, H. (1999). The Roy Adaptation Model (2nd ed.). Stanford, CT Appleton and Lange. Roys Adaptation Model. (2011, April 22). Retrieved November 5, 2011, from Nursing Theories Web site http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Roy_adaptation_model.html STTI Organizational Fact Sheet Mission and Vision. (2011). Retrieved November 5, 2011, from http//www.nursingsociety.org/aboutus/mission/Pages/factsheet.aspx Walker, L. O., Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies For Theory Construction in Nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Health Science.

Wall Construction Of Single Storey Residential Buildings Construction Essay

Wall Construction Of Single Storey Residential Buildings Construction EssayThis finding is to determined the contrary tokens of jetty having its own uses for trustworthy factors. Wall wind contains of various types of method employ , it maybe non straightforward as ane using unmatchable of the more(prenominal) common winding methods. Walls is constructed in legion(predicate) different form and of various materials to achieve several functions. There ar umteen different types of groin with its own functions exterior fences and home(a)(a)(a) groins or either sort(prenominal)(prenominal) ring and non-load-bearing border. Walls atomic number 18 often included doors and windows , which atomic number 18 exists for controlled passage of env campaignmental factors and peoples through the ring line. There be many types of materials evoke be utilize for rampart social organisation, for example play off, rock, wood, frame, cement, brick, thatch and glass. Di fferent type of wall needed different material to achieve its main accompaniment function , and in any slip of paper an other(prenominal)s reason as well.LIST OF FIGURE, TABLE AND ABBREVIATIONS List of figuredownload (1).jpgBrickBrick is a oneness cram which is truly unremarkably apply in eddy material. It is made up by the clay. Many pieces of bricks go away make up a wall, sum total57.jpgAggregatesAggregate is a composite material that ordinarily utilize in the construction material. It is as well as used to go bad mortal with the combination of cement and fine sand.download.jpgCavity wallCavity wall is a wall that lies of one layer of insulation between the brick outer(prenominal) leaf and the brick inner leaf. The main function of this wall is that it provides insulation that prevent heat losses. It is very suitable for the res publica which has 4 seasons like United Kingdom.brick wall.jpgBrick wallBrick wall is the wall that made up by the brick and mortal. I ts main function is that it provide a layer of protection which separate the outside area and inside area of the erects. This wall is normally notify see in our country.running_bond.jpgRunning BondIt is also named as stretcher bond which is the most popular bonding in Malaysia. The style is referred to as running, create a straight line between the brick. unitary of the benefit is this bond is that there is no need to use header bricks. The structure is commonly connected with wall ties and understood to be a nether region wallbond.CHAPTER 1.0 IntroductionBCEC1104 Material and Construction course ask us to do some(a) everywhereview of material and construction for create structures and elements. Their objectives or aims are to sop up knowledge on construction of structure structures and elements theoretically as well as attain practically. It also to gain a better understanding on justifications of usage different materials and to be able to link and integrate with all dis ciplines, fields and related requirements of construction engineering with regard to grammatical constructions.Besides, there are many study benefit that we gain through completing this assignment. That is because we are asking to prepare an item as follows for single storey residential demonstrateings. As our case studies is a single storey residential building, so we just focus on the elements of that buildings. Due to the requirement of completing this assignment, we now know and well cognise all about wall. For example, we know what the common types of wall used in Malaysia. We rear end differentiate what the common types of wall used in Malaysia and other country. Because, one of the design factors of walls construction is natesd on the weather. Basically, severally country has different types of weather. Besides, we also know the types of materials used and the design factors of wall construction. In addition, through this assignment, we are well known about the walls co nstruction method according to materials used. The best moment is when we are asking to make a scale model of single storey residential buildings. It makes us easier to gain our understanding about common types of walls, its elements and the materials used because they want us construct a scale model that hardly showing the construction of these three requirements.CHAPTER 2.0 Building BiodataOur case studies is a single storey residential buildings at Lot 320, Kg Serdang Permai, 31300, Kg Kepayang, Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan and it was a hometown of one of our group members which is Nur Dania Azira Binti Azizul. This residential building plan has been designed and drawn by Mah Kwai Kuen on 13th January in 1987. He certify that the plans are submitted in accordance with the street, drainage and building act 1974 and uniform building by law (UBBL) 1984 and accept full responsibilities accordingly. Mah Kwai Kuen is a building draftsman that registered with Architects Malaysia Board. Th is residential building has been approved by Yang Di Pertua Majlis Daerah Kinta Barat Batu Gajah on 30th April in 1982. It is a single storey residential building at No P.T. 320, Mukim Sungei Raya, Daerah Kinta. The owner of that residential building is Mr Mohamed Shafie Bin Ismail which lived at No 608, J.K.R. Quarter, 31800, Kampar before the construction.The chronological study has been stated in the plans given by Mr Shafie. Firstly, all brick wall to be in cement mortar 13 and reinforcement concrete to be in 124 mix. Secondly, glazed pipe grant to be jointed with cement. Thus, joints in cast iron pipes moldiness be made with molten lead over a gasket of packed yarn and men holes and critical review chamber should be grease seal off. Next, the inspection chambers must be bended render and corner rounded off. After that, the ends off tipper must be supported on bearing fixed, brass fixed with oiling cups. At the same time, all inverts of manholes and inspection chamber are mu st be build S.W.G. half round channel and all manholes inspections covers and frames must be in standard municipal type. Mosquito p chapiter conv. covers to inlet and outlet tee pipe should be provided while all sanitary appliances pump and mortars should be of the approved types by the council. But before commencement of works the sources of supply of C.I and S.G.W, pipe must be submitted to the council in concert with simple of these pipes for approval. All pipes must be of an approved brand and made complying relevant British standard specifications and manufactures by the approved manufactures. In addition, jam mortar pump must be provided with auto float switch and all M.H covers must be 18 - 24 iron grease sealed typs. Lastly, all sanitary appliances shall be provided with proper trap.CHAPTER 3.0 Building Elemental ConstructionFDCIM102AZMIRbuilding element drawings.jpgFigure 1.1 Show the wall construction drawings of case studies.FDCIM102AZMIRdetails drawings.jpgFigure 1.2 Show the wall construction details drawings of case studies.Building Element Construction Process Explanations ElaborationsAs we know, wall is the structures constructed to enclose and area, to support floors and roof or divide the floor area of a building into a required number of rooms. Building construction process is activities done on construction site. Building construction process usually started with site clearance, earthworks, setting out, substructure, superstructure, finishes, services, outside(a) work and lastly is completion. However, site activities are different according to site post and topography and also the type of building.Building construction process can be divides into five take leaves. The first donation is site preparation. While doing the site preparation, usually they allow for do some clearance, earthworks, site marking, hoarding, dewatering, temporary building and also temporary road. Thus, the second part is sub structure. While doing the sub s tructure process, they usually impart do the piles, foundation, ground floor slab, ground beam and column stump. Next, the third part is super structure. While doing the super structures process, they pull up stakes make a frame, fastness floor slab, walls, roof, doors windows, finishes and utilities. Then, the fourth part is services. While doing the services process, they usually do the process of sanitary, cold water supply, air conditioner and also fire fighting. Lastly, the last part is external works. While doing the external works, they will do the roads, car park, drainage, fencing, truing and landscape.Based on everything mentioned above, the element which is wall is an element that made in the third part of construction process. The third part of construction process is super structure. This is means that wall is an element in super structure process. The construction process of each wall is different according to the types of wall itself. For solid bricks wall, it is made from clay or sand plus lime. Each bricks will be arranged in a wall or column. It is called as bonding. The purpose of bonding is to obtain maximum strength, ensure the lateral stability and to be an acceptable appearance. There are many types of brick bonding. Take for examples are English bonding and Flemish bonding. Solid wall of brick or stem work usually has an inside finish of plaster. The external face is often rendered or painted to prevent rain and moisture penetration.Another type of wall is solid blocks wall. It has no specific size scarcely more than bricks size. It is made from pre-cast concrete and it is suitable for external walls. For bodily cavity walls, it is a better caloric insulation and weather differance. It is been constructed by two leaves of a cavity wall are tied together with wall ties. The outer leaf normally is brick. While the inner leaf of brick or block work, usually with a plastered finish. The partial cavity is fill insulation. whatever walls may pretend no insulation or may be fully filled. Thus, for parapet wall, it is a low wall projecting above the level of a roof, bridge or balcony. It is used to form a guard or barrier at the edge. Other than these is curtain walling. For this type of wall, it is neatweight non loading bearing. In the low come up buildings, it is use timber or patent glazing. However, in the high rise buildings, it is use steel or aluminium alloy. The last one is retaining walls. It is act as an earth retaining structure. CHAPTER 4.0 Wall are designed and constructed in many different form and of various materials to achieve several functions. There are many different types of wall with its own functions exterior walls and interior walls or either load-bearing wall and non-load-bearing wall. Walls are often included doors and windows , which are exists for controlled passage of environmental factors and peoples through the wall line. Nowadays, modern building wall including bearing and c urtain wall as a combination of both in response to the construct the needs of buildings as a whole. Both types may appear similar when pick up but their sequences of construction usually not.Exterior walls used to protect the building from external environment and accidental factors or effects such as mode changes , fires , ultraviolet radiation , bacteria and virus , dust and sound , by considering the desirable interior environmental conditions. These walls are usually a load-bearing walls and evermore constructed to be tough and self-coloured enough to resist the horizontal and vertical forces impose upon them safely , which is as defined by building codes. A load-bearing wall not only supports its own weight within a building , but also supports weights of other parts of the construction which is usually fixed at the strategic points within the structure in order to supports a cap , roof or the others building elements , for example like floor joists or ceiling beams which many types of buildings make use of those 2 elements to produce a large degree of strength to the spaces , it willl considered to be not enough for any building that occupies an appreciate amount of space. So , a load-bearing wall is gauged to appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them , if not its possible that an outer wall couild become un fixed state. If the load exceeds the strength of material used , potentially causing to collapse of the structure of building. Even a small space of not more than thousands square feet will be largely enhanced by the existence of a bearing wall to help to support a stable roofline and augment to the stability supported by joists and rafters. If without a bearing wall , the structure is likely to collapse or weaken at a pep pill up rate. Ceiling beams and rafters will slowly weakens from the raised stress , leading to a weakened ceiling and roof that is less likely to resist to pissed blowing winds or storms. In the case of a double d storey building , without the exist of bearing wall placed on the first floor will almost guaranteed that the flooring for the second storey will be weaken eventually and very fast. Therefore , exterior walls normally construct with concrete , block or brick to provide a stronger grip betweeen the structures of building. The alterations of a load-bearing wall can be made is also limited , it may required the military position of temporary supports for certain types of remodelling those construction or service projects. A bearing wall does not must have to be a solid sphere of wall. Walls of this type can include doors and others openings such as windows and vents. Additional framing built to it. When renovate or reconstruct the interior home or other building, its necessary to identify the supporting wall of the building. If at all possible, movement of walls should be restricted to any part that determined to be non-bearing wall. If the new renovation or construction does call for removing a bearing, caution steps should be taken to shove up the structure until a newly placed bearing wall is put into a place and support system for the structure is restored to full efficiency. In housing, most common used in light construction method known as platform framing and each load-bearing wall lies on a wall sill plate which is match to the lowest base plate. The sills are connected and assemble to the masonry or concrete foundation.On the other hand, interior walls normally used to separate rooms in a rear or building. Interior walls usually are not load-bearing walls. This type of walls are support only themselves , it might run perpendicular to the floor and ceiling joists , it will not be aligned upon support beams , for example class walls is a type of non-load bearing interior walls. A non-load bearing wall can be altered or even removed completely without weakening the structure of the building. Most of the material used for the elements of interior build ing have to be safe, and should be compatible with the lighting schemes which can produce a comfort and harmless environment for occupancy. Besides that, the ways to construct and the type of materials used for interior construction or renovation should be easy to maintain well and keep an eye on it from clean. Interior walls commonly may construct with blocks or bricks from clay , streng soed or hollow, terra-cotta or concrete, sometimes glass blocks may also be used for certain visual purposes. Other than that, timber is also been used for partition walls which consists of wooden framework either supported on the floor side walls or below.Bearing wall construction may be masonry wall, cast-in place wall or precast reenforce concrete wall, stud and cover wall and composite types wall. Bearing wall must be erected before supported building component above can be built. Meanwhile, curtain wall including lighter versions of those used for bearing walls. These walls also comprise t he combination of ceramic-coated metal panels, glass panels, or corrugated metal sheets, each laterally supported by light sub framing members. Since it receives vertical support by spandrel beams, or relieving angles, at the wall line, the curtain wall can be built after the building frame is completed.Among these types of walls , the commonly wall used in our buildings is masonry wall , reinforced concrete wall , stud and sheathing wall , prefabricated wall , glass , metal or ceramic-coated metal panel wall and tilt-up wall. Masonry walls is one of the traditional type and now commonly used in most wall construction of buildings. It is kind of durable form of wall construction that normally used in both bearing and curtain walls. It is designed in conformity with building codes and is constructed by individual placement of blocks of quarry, bricks, cinder concrete, cut stone, or combinations of these materials. These units are held together by putting a mortar between them, this can helps to provide high performance enclosures, which fulfil support, control and finish functions. Load-bearing walls, infill walls, and partition walls are physical barriers that help to provide privacy, security and fire and sound separation from external environment. When it is the section or part of the building envelope, masonry walls also act as a durable support for barrier and cladding, elements and maybe useful to provide the cladding as well.Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used materials for wall construction in modern buildings. It is made from artificial stone obtained by mixing of cement, sand and aggregates with water. Fresh concrete can be blotto into almost any shape, leaving an inherent advantage over other materials. However, its restricted tension resistance is initially prevented its widely use in building construction. To solve the problem of poor tensile strength, steel bars are lodged solidly in concrete to form a composite material called re inforced concrete (RC). Except for the combination of cement and steel, the production of concrete does not needed expensive manufacturing mills. Basically, reinforced concrete walls are used for enhancing strength purposes. Some walls may be in place or pre-cast, such as bearing or curtain walls. Some pre-cast concrete walls are constructed are commonly used for floor or rood deck construction. They can be located vertically, side by side, and caulked at adjacent edges.Stud and sheathing walls are a light type of wall construction which is normally used in residential houses or other light constructions where they are usually act as light bearing walls. It is usually consists of wood and sheathing nailed to wood or steel studs. This is always sheetrock which is a sandwich of gypsum between card jump on facings. Sheetrock, so called a wallboard or gypsum board is a panel of gypsum covered on both side with papers and used as the basal wall materials in building construction. Wall s heathing is often using plywood or other laminate and always applied to the framing prior to erection, rectify the positioning of studs and raise the speed and cutting workforce needs and expenses. Some type of exterior sheathing is such as asphalt-impregnated fibreboard, plywood, oriented strand board and wafer board, which will provide required to resist lateral loads and make sure the wall square, where rigid glass-fibre, asphalt-coated fibreboard, polystyrene or polyurethane will not do so. In case, the wall should be reinforced with a diagonal wood or meal bracing infix into the studs. Composite walls are a more vital substantial type of stud walls, they are constructed of cementations materials such as pre-cast concrete and weatherproof sheetrock as an external sheathing, and sheetrock as an internal finishes. With subject to strong wind storms local codes or state law will finally require both the wind braces and the stiff exterior sheathing irrespective to the type and the kind of outer weather resistant coverings. Prefabricated wall is also a type of commonly used for curtain wall construction its oftentimes known as prefab wall. Prefab wall usually made of corrugated steel or aluminium sheets, although they sometimes are constructed of fibber- reinforced tensile sheets, attached to light horizontal bearing a known grits, spaced several feet apart. These type of wall are usually made of sandwich construction which the outside part can be corrugated sheet, an inside part may be liner or flat or corrugated sheet, and an cover insulation are attached together by screws and to form a thin, effective sandwich wall. These walls often have tongue-and-groove vertical edges to allow sealed joints when the united are built at the building sites by being attached to framing grits. Glass-coated, metal-coated or ceramic-coated metal panel wall often used in high-rise construction are now commonly used in curtain walls. These walls are typically gathered as a sandwich by using glass , formed metal , or ceramic-coated metal sheets on external side , and some form of liner , including possible masonry on the inner side , insulation on enclosed. Tilt-up walls are usually non-load bearing wall, which is constructed as in thinner versions of some of standard wall types, and they are often constructed for some resistance to fire and sound. These walls are sometimes used for construction efficiency. It is a wall that constructed in a horizontal position at ground level, and it is then tilted up and connects at its adages to adjacent tilt-up wall sections. The internal partition is a lighter form of wall used for making separations of the interior areas in the buildings.There are many types of materials can be used for wall construction, for example stone, rock, wood, clay, cement, brick, thatch and glass.The stone can be used as the wall material because it is attractive, durable, low maintenance, strong, and high thermal mass. The stone can d ivided into many types and can be divide into two categories which is hard stone and frail stone. The example of the hard stone is granite stone and the examples for the soft stone are limestone and sandstone. The stone wall are very strong and can last for over hundreds years and still maintain in a very unattackable condition but it depend on the types of the stone used in the wall construction. Since the stone is available in every part of the earth therefore its cost is much more cheaper than other wall construction materials. Besides that, the stone wall have a high thermal mass which can slowed down the heat transfer from the outdoor get into inside the houses and also can prevent the heat loss from the interior to the outdoor. In the other words, the stone wall can workd the inside the room temperature. Not only this, the stone wall also very easy to maintain. What we need to do is just to check the mortar in between the stone wall is in good condition, if crumbling is ha ppen we need to do repair or replace the mortar. Besides that, we need to clear the surface of the stone wall so that can keep it clear but by the way it may reduce the life span of the stone wall. timber also is commonly been used for wall construction. Wood are been used for construction at many of the countries although the climate and soil condition are difference in all countries. This is because wood are pliant and resistant against climate harshness. Therefore wood was highly recommended use for construction but we must take into account the wood quality and the condition it bad up.Clay is also one of the most common types of the material used to build houses. For example, the houses in country sides broadly speaking are made from clay and mud. The reason is because clay has the ability to keep the house warn during cool weather and can keep the house cool during hot summer, which mean that the clay has high thermal mass.Cement is been used in almost every countries. Cemen t is used to join brick or stone together. When cement is mixed with water it can be used to sick the brick together and when it is dried, it will become very hard and difficult to remove these brick apart.Thatch is not very common been used in Malaysia but it is commonly be used for building material in Africa. This is because the thatch is made from a grass which is easy to hardest and it is a natural insulator.Nowadays, glass also been used in wall construction. In modern structures, the glass is used for outer beauty of the structure.Besides that, using the glass as wall can allowed more megascopic light to get into the houses and the amount of light entry into the house is depend on the refr treat index of the glass. Although the glass can allow the visible light to come into the house but at the same time it also can block or eliminated the heat energy to transfer into the houses.Brick also is one of the most common materials used in wall construction because it was available in everywhere. In different countries will have different type of brick where are different in size, colour and material used.In our case study, the walls are made from brick. Nowadays, brick are made by pressing clay into a block and firing them in kiln. At the past time, the brick are not be fried but the brick are just putted outdoor and dried by the sun. Since the shopping centre Ages, the brick is been widely used as the building material in many of the countries.A good brick are very durable and can resistant to atmospheric action and high temperature. Therefore brick also can be used for fire wall construction. This is the reason why a lot of the old building or wooden houses are replaced or rebuilt in brick. Brick become even more important during the Industrial Revolution.How the brick was made? The brick is made by clay. After the clay has been withdraw out for soil, it will mixed with water and make into the wanted shape. After that, these are allowed to dried slowly b efore there are fired in kiln at temperature of 1000C 1200C. At this temperature, the clay is undergoes the metamorphosed proses. When the water is totally driven off, a new anhydrous mineral namely as aluminosilicates are formed with is upset(a) down from the mineral name as Kuolinite. Aluminosilicates is more stable at high temperature. Besides that, minerals like mullite crystals, quartz and supercooledliquied in the brick are making the brick become harder and stronger. Why the brick are red in colour? This is because clay was contains the iron minerals. At the beginning the iron exist as ferrous iron ( iron II) but after undergo firing the iron in clay are oxidised to become iron III which form red-brown iron oxide haematite.We mostly use bricks to construct the wall because I have many advantages and only a few disadvantages to use it to construct the wall. The advantages are attractive, durable, low maintenance and it have high thermal mass. The disadvantage is the time to build or to install is slow as compare to other wall materials. The brick used in wall construction can be divided into two types which are solid brick and veneer brick. The solid brick are more common been used in house wall construction because it have high thermal mass so that it is good in slow down the heat transmission and can regulate the temperature in the houses although it is more expensive as compare to veneer brick. The brick wall not only good in heat insulation but also good in insulate the sound. The brick wall can block most of the unwanted noise from outside such as traffic noise acquiring into the house. Besides that, the brick also used as fire wall since the brick are not easy burn material. If the fire accident is happen it may take a least 8 hours to let the fire to spread to the other house. Used brick to construct a wall is very attractive also, this is because the brick itself already have it own colour, so that we no need to paint it after we built it. Othe r than that, the brick is been used because it is easy to maintain and it can stay in a good condition for a very period. The brick wall would not get rot or dent so that we no need paint the wall within a short period.In our group, we are going to discuss the topic entitle WALL. Wall is a basic unit that needed to build up a building or houses. So it is a very important compartment. However, its design factors may affect its function. In the below contents are the different design factors of the wall.First of all, wall construction can be classified into two types that are external wall and interior wall. There are a lot of wall type in the world, while our group only discuss two types of wall that are normal brick wall which can normally be found in our country, Malaysia. Another type of wall that we are going to discuss is the cavity wall which can normally be found in the country that have four seasons such as United Kingdom, United State, Portland and etc.This normal brick wall that found in our country can be divided into two types that are one brick wall and half brick wall which its thickness is 90mm. These walls are made up by the cement, sand, and aggregate in the mixture of the ratio in 124 which is 1 portion of cement, 2 portions of sand and 4 portions of aggregates. While the cavity walls consist of a half brick or block outer leaf, a brick or 90 mm /100mm lightweight load bearing concrete block or stud framed structure inner leaf, a 50 mm or 75mm cavity or air space in between the outer and inner leaf.The design factors of the normal brick wall and the cavity wall are almost the same. The main design factor of these walls is that they provide sufficient strength and stability to resist the loading imposed on it. The loadings which the wall need to withstand included dead load and live load. The example of dead load is the piece of furniture and etc while the example of live load is rain, snow, occupants and etc.Another design factor of the walls is that it acts as an envelope that differentiates the outdoor and indoor area. It is also a encourage that can resist the unpredictable climate change for example rain, snow to enter the interior area of the houses. Besides, wall also plays an important role to resist the transmission of sound which will eventually causes the pollution. So, the wall acts as a barrier to resist the entering of the unwanted sound to the houses.Nowadays, owing to the fast development of the country, there is a lot of pollution happened in our surrounding especially air pollution. To minimize the contact of the occupants to these pollution, wall plays an important role which act as a barrier to prevent the outside contaminant to enter the houses such as dust, pollen, hazardous particle and etc. These contaminated particles will cause the indoor air quality in a bad condition and thus will influence the indoor environment quality and hence some diseases may occur because of this poor condition for exa mple asthma. So, with the presence of the wall, these problems can be solved and a good quality of the indoor air can be achieved.Besides, wall also acts as a barrier to resist the fire which is call the fire brick wall. In order to slow down the rate of cauterize spread in case of fire within the building, the architects apply various techniques including the creation of compartments which would contain the fire for some time before spreading to other parts of the building. So, to achieve this, one method to use is to take the block walls between rooms up to the underside of the roof, for instance and depending on the quality of the aggregates used. These brick wall may have a Fire Resistance Rating of up to one and half hours (100mm thick solid brick wall).Walls are probably the most noticeable and important part of the interior wall and also the exterior wall. Another meaning is that it provides an appearance. When entering into the room, people will notices the colour, kind an d the surface of the wall and hence, they will determine the psycho physiological atmosphere. So the function of walls is that to create space where a person feels comfortable. Besides, the good appearance of wall is a wall with no crack which the infiltration will not happen. Without infiltration, there will be no extra air to emanate into the building, so the extra heat flow will not enter or leave the building, indirectly, the thermal comfort can achieve.The design factors of brick wall and the cavity wall are almost the same. However,

Consumer Culture of Low-Income Consumers

Consumer Culture of Low-Income ConsumersLiteraturePaper focus on low-income consumers whose economic resources results in them existence unable to obtain the goods and services needed for an sufficient and socially acceptable received of income (Darley and Johnson, 1985, p. 206) in other words, consumers experiencing relative scantiness and relative deficiency (Townsend, 1987) in consumer culture.In todays consumer culture, as the standard of surviving rises, the gap between a survival income and a social enclosure income will continue to enlarge (Bowring, 2000). While economic escalation and consumer culture has raised the standard of living for many, there be also concerns that income gaps between the rich and the poor have widened and variation is deepening. It has been recognized that those living on a low income typesetters shield consumer disadvantage in the market place (Andreasen, 1975) encountering different exchange restrictions and negative results (Hill and Stephen s, 1997).It is being unable to obtain the goods and services needed for a socially competent standard of living (Darley and Johnson, 1985) according to low-income consumers encounter different other market place limitation. imperfect product openness can be a problem.littler variety have been partly endorsed to access difficulties in both the nutrition retailing industry (Cummins and Macintyre, 1999) .Equally, low-income consumers often have to be enough with lower flavour goods and services, for example, they whitethorn have no choice but to pay for second-hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Williams and Windebank, 2001). Moreover, since the publication of The Poor fee More , it has generally been accepted that they suffer price bias in the market place (Chung and Myers, 1999).For low-income customers, such social behavior are often beyond reach as a large percentage of their money is tied up with basics such as food and rent (Alwitt and Donley, 1 996). This leads to a abstraction of lifes experiences .Low-income consumers may practice more difficultly in forming helpful relationships outside the instant household (Daly and Leonard, 2002) due to limited opportunities for socializingIn the case of low income they lose opportunity to take benefit of what life has to offer and are cut from what passes as a happy life (Bauman, 2005, p. 38).Low income consumers are often unemployed because they have not power of purchasing comfortable goods. Which can satisfy their demands m (Alwitt and Donley, 1996).These could include individualized payment plans that allow consumers control condition of their own budgeting strategy or credit opportunities that are specifically adapted to the needs of low-income consumers (Himlton 2004).This is not amazing that as these consumers are often considered as a group with different aspiration who are losing and risky, and not good for market-related research ( Hamilton and Catterall, 2005).People sp end more part of their income for their basic necessities, life style is not consider. The incomes that households actually receive play a significant role in ascertain their consumption (Tregarthen and Ritternberg, 2000) such that low-income consumers consume less fresh takes, fresh vegetables, fruit juices, low-fat milk, whole meal bread and fish compare to more economically advantaged consumers (Anderson and Morris, 2000).Low-income consumers can be defined as individuals whose financial resources or income results in them being unable to obtain the goods and services needed for an adequate and socially acceptable standard of living (Darley and Johnson, 1985 cited in Hamilton and Catterall, 2005).HILL and ADRANG studied on global destitution of the united nations contened that the poor are individual and families are some what rich.Lifestyle characteristics of the low-income consumer The incomes that households actually receive play a significant role in determining their consu mption (Tregarthen and Ritternberg, 2000).To rely on making incursions into other budgetary allocations and postpone other essentials, such that they decide on which item of necessity is less requisite (Matza and Miller, 1976).Most buying decisions for relatively low-priced products that have close substitutes would be low-involvement. A more detailed view of low-involvement products is proposed by Semenik and Bamossy (1995).It has been pop the questioned that An individual is socially excluded if (a) he or she is geographically resident in a society and (b) he or she does not participate in the normal activities of citizens in that society (Burchardt, 1999, p. 230).The take up of this paper is twofold. First, social policy studies surrounding social exclusion in terms of separation from mainstream society have focused on employment, often neglecting theorizing about the specific forms of social exclusion that can be associated with consumerism (Williams and Windebank, 2002 Hohn en, 2007).Positive discourse heralds the benefits of a consumer society suggesting that choice can be seen as the consumers assistant (Gabriel and Lang, 2006, p. 1)Marketing techniques are often critiqued for creating a strong social pressure to consume, leading to feelings of exclusion and shame for those consumers who cannot make their desires a reality (Bowring, 2000).Fullerton and Punj (1997) also suggest that as well as stimulating legitimate consumption behavior, the consumer culture can stimulate consumer misbehaviour. Previous research suggests that the poor may be peculiarly prone to consumer misbehavior as their financial resources may not be sufficient tosatisfy desires.Equally, low-income consumers often have to suffice with lower quality goods and services, for example, they may have no choice but to purchase second-hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Williams and Winde bank, 2001).The British favorable Attitudes Report (theme substan ce for brotherly Research, 2008) highlights that a rising number of people place the blame for poverty on the poor themselves some 27 per cent think that poverty is due to laziness or lack of willpower, up from 19 per cent in1984.ReferencesDarley,W.K. and Johnson, D.M. (1985), A contemporary analysis of the low income consumer aninternational perspective, in Tan, C.T. and Sheth, J.N. (Eds), Historical Perspectives inConsumer Research National and International Perspectives, Association for ConsumerResearch, Provo, UT, pp. 206-10.Townsend, P. (1987), Deprivation, journal of Social Policy, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 125-46.Bowring, F. (2000), Social exclusion limitations of the debate, Critical Social Policy, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 307-30.Andreasen, A.R. (1975), The Disadvantaged Consumer, The Free Press, New York, NY.Arnould, E.J. and Thompson, C.J. (2005), Consumer culture theory (CCT) twenty years of research, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 868-82. research, Journal of Consu mer Research, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 868-82.Hill, R.P. and Stephens, D.L. (1997), Impoverished consumers and consumer behavior the case ofAFDC mothers, Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 32-48.Cummins, S. and Macintyre, S. (1999), The location of food stores in urban areas a case line of business in Glasgow, British Food Journal, Vol. 101 No. 7, pp. 545-53.Williams, C.C. and Windebank, J. (2001), Acquiring goods and services in lower income populations an evaluation of consumer behaviour and preferences, International Journal Of Retail statistical distribution Management, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 16-24.Chung, C. and Myers, S.L. (1999), Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 276-96.Alwitt, L.F. and Donley, T.D. (1996), The Low-income Consumer, Adjusting the Balance of Exchange, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.Hamilton, C. (2004), Growth Fetish, Pluto Press, LondonHamilton, K. and Catterall, M. (2005), Towards a better understanding of the low-income consumer, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 32, pp. 627-32.Tregarthen, T. and Ritternberg, L. (2000), Economics, 2nd ed., Worth, New York, NY.Anderson, A.S. and Morris, S.E. (2000), Changing fortunes changing food choices, Nutrition Food Science, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 12-15.Matza, D. and Miller, H. (1976), Poverty and proletariat, in Merton, R.K. and Nisbet, R. (Eds),Contemporary Social Problems, 4th ed.,Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,NewYork,NY, pp. 641-73.Semenik, R.J. and Bamossy, G.J. (1995), Principles of Marketing, 2nd ed., South Western College, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 170-1.Burchardt, T., Le Grand, J. and Piachaud, D. (1999), Social exclusion in Britain 1991-1995, Social Policy and Administration, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 227-44.Williams, C.C. and Windebank, J. (2002), The excluded consumer a neglected aspect of social exclusion?, Policy Politics, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 501-13.Gabriel, Y. and Lang, T. (2006), The diff icult Consumer Contemporary Consumption and its Fragmentation, 2nd ed., Sage, London.Bowring, F. (2000), Social exclusion limitations of the debate, Critical Social Policy, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 307-30.Fullerton, R.A. and Punj, G. (1997), The unintended consequences of the culture of consumptionan historical-theoretical analysis of consumer misbehavior, Consumption, Markets and Culture, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 393-423.Williams, C.C. and Windebank, J. (2001), Acquiring goods and services in lower incomepopulations an evaluation of consumer behaviour and preferences, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 16-24.National Centre for Social Research (2008), British Social Attitudes, The 24th Report, Sage, London.

Foreign Investment In The Philippines Marketing Essay

Foreign Investment In The Filipinos Marketing EssayAfter researching the background of the Philippines economically, politically and socially, our club believes that it is hold to venture our business into the Philippines. What kind of business sector should the company look into that is not only fitting for the topical anaesthetic but to a fault profitable to the club? In course 2012, Philippines race has reached 103,775,002 and the increasing numbers of population has made the sylvan the 12th largest population in the world today (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). collectible to the increasing population, it has opened up opportunity for extraneous companies such as ours to take business investments in the Philippines. There be numbers of industry that our club butt joint look into when thinking of doing business in the Philippines, for example the hotel industry.Philippines is well kn deliver for their beautiful beaches islands and attractive tourist destination thu s tourism is iodin of the main economy in the Philippines. The spokesperson of Philippines Tourism, Abigail Valte, states that tourism has contributed US$12.83billion for the country and it has not only helps the economics of citizens of Philippines but it also contributes to their improved standard of keep (Eturbo revolutionarys, 2012).Besides the hotel industry, it is recommended that our company looks at stepping into the nutrition and beverage industry. This is because eating good nutrition has become one of the Filipinos habits. An average person will consume lead heavy meals in a day but an average Pinoy can actually eat about 7 to 8 heavy meals which consists of the normal breakfast, snacks, dejeuner and dinner and additional of troika meals which are merienda, pica-pica, pulutan. (Matthew Sutherland, 2010). Not only that, their love of food is proven when 0.8 out of 1 of their advertisements talks about food whether you are in a bus or cab, and advertisements on telev ision channels also will include food (Panda B, 2011).Lastly, venturing into the carriage retail industry in the Philippines can be another option. Retailing has been one of the major contributors in job offering to the topical anaesthetics as well as one of the reasons behind of the conquest of the Philippines economy. According to The Philippine Retailers Association, retailing has contributed 15 percent of their gross internal product (The Philippine Retailers Association, 2012). Other than that, Americans and the Spanish invite exposed Filipinos to Western cultivation since the colonization. In addition, pinoys always wanted to look for mod gadgets and clothes that are in the current merchandise. Moreover, because of globalization and the use of the Internet, famous uniform brands such as Zara is successful within the Philippines.Retail Clothing IndustryOur company should also figure venturing into the retail fashion and clothing industry in the Philippines. Retail clo thing or apparel refers to the sales of products such as menswear, womens wear, and childrens clothes to consumers usually from a physical store in an area.The retail industry has seen tremendous maturation over the past several old age in the Philippines. According to the Philippine Retailers Association (2012), the retail industry contributes about 15% to the total gross national product (GNP) of Philippines. Furthermore, the retail sector creates employment for approximately 5.25 million people, equivalent to 18% of the labor force in the Philippines. Retail industry constitutes 33% to the Philippine service sector (Philippine Retailers Association, 2012). Therefore, it is possible for our company to benefit from the retail sector in the Philippines. The issue potential in the retail sector for our company is relatively positive.In 2010, Business Monitor International (BMI) reported in the Q111 BMI Philippines Retail Report that retail sales were forecasted to grow from PHP1. 40 trillion (US$31.42 billion)in 2011 to PHP1.65 trillion (US$37.06 billion)by 2014 (Business Monitor International, 2010). This is due to consumer spending and the increasing level of income. Furthermore, an increase in double-income families and young professionals can also potentially enhance retail sales.In novel old age, in order to attract international investment and maintain global competitiveness, the Philippine political relation has also opened up its retail sector to foreign companies. In 2000, this is done by the Republic Act 8762, which is also known as the Retail deal out Liberalization Act. subsection 2 of the Retail Trade Liberalization Act states that it is the policy of the State to promote consumer welfare in attracting promoting and welcoming productive investment that will give down price for the Filipino consumer, create more jobs, promote tourism, assist small manufacturers, stimulate economic growth and enable Philippine goods and services to become globally competitive through the liberalization of the retail art sector. Pursuant to this policy, the Philippine retail industry is hereby liberalized to encourage Filipino and competitive retail deal sector in the interest of empower the Filipino consumer through lower prices, higher quality goods, better services and wider choices (Republic Act 8762, 2000). This gives our company the opportunity to benefit from the incentives reard by this trade liberalization act when we venture into the clothing and fashion stores in the Philippines.As fashion and clothing forces generally targeted towards the young adult demographic, Philippines growing younger population play an important role in retail consumption. Based on UN data, Filipinos between the ages of 20 to 44 has been forecasted to increase to about 39% by 2015, 63% of the population will be economically active in 2015 and 70% of the population will be located in urban areas (Business Monitor International, 2010).The Philipp ines also has a thriving fashion industry and the citizens are fashion conscious, especially in the metropolitan areas such as Manila and other major cities. every(prenominal) season, the Philippine Fashion Week is hosted to display designs from top brands around the world and local Philippine designers as well. In order for this firm to venture into the fashion business in the Philippines, the firm would need a platform in which to create exposure for the product and the Philippine Fashion Week can be an ideal place to braint building brand recognition for our firm. Moreover, our company can also take advantage of the local talent pool and make Filipino design experts with superior knowledge of the fashion industry in the Philippines.Entry systemThere are several ways that our company can enter the retail clothing industry in the Philippines. There are many ways to sell and distribute clothing in this todays world. Some retailers foodstuff and sell their clothes and products o nline, shipping directly to the consumer. Others open a physical boutique or retail outlet in locations such as shop malls, flea securities industrys, and so on.We suggest the company to look into establishing its own clothing brand or committing to a joint venture by procuring a stake in an existing brand of clothing in the Philippines. These two methods of entering the retail market have its own benefits and drawbacks to our company.Our company can look into building its own brand by producing and selling its own garments in retail outlets in the Philippines. As a foreign brand, the Philippines is an ideal market to establish the companys foothold as a retail clothing brand because Filipinos are receptive to foreign clothing brands such as Zara, Topshop and Gap. The younger urban Philippine citizens often buy foreign brands therefore, our company should look into setting up its new branch in a major city such as Manila beforehand expanding the business to other parts of the cou ntry. Furthermore, our company can also set up an online platform in order to reach customers in the broader Philippine constituent as well. Setting up an entire new clothing brand can be challenging for our company as well as costly. However, our company should look into reducing production costs by manufacturing within the Philippines to reduce cost of transporting or lower manufacturing costs by outsourcing the production to a country with cheaper labor. The United States Department of Labor (2011) found that the hourly compensation costs in manufacturing in 2010 in the Philippines is $1.90, which is the lowest among all the countries compared in its study including Mexico, chinaware and Brazil and others.On the other hand, our company can look into creating a joint venture with a local brand or a local designer. The Philippines has many talented local fashion designers that whitethorn not have the resources to manufacture and sell their clothing. Our company can provide the fu nds necessary for these designers to create a clothing line to sell to consumers. In this sense, our company saves cost in conducting market research, hiring new personnel to observe the industry trends and hiring designers to come up with new clothing because the designers are equipped with the knowledge of the fashion industry in the Philippines and are better versed in the fashion industry. This option is less(prenominal) risky than Greenfield venture because the company has limited liability should the venture fail. The company will only have fewer losses from the great provided to the designer as compared to capital losses from creating an entire new brand from scratch.Food and Beverage IndustryThere are a few business sectors that our company could consider venturing in the Philippines. One of it is the Food Beverage (FB) industry. FB is an industry that specializes in the making of, conceptualization, and delivery of foods. The biggest sector in FB employees are in restaura nts and bars, which includes hotels, resorts, and casinos.Based on statistics by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) in Victoria (2009), Philippines is one of the worlds youngest population and fastest growing populations, which is 96 million and 65% of its people below 30 years of age. The difference between the rich and poor is large with 30% of them living below the poverty line. This wide gulf results in very contrasting food consumptions trends in the Philippines. In general, locally produced products are consumed and low-medium priced imported products are consumed by traditional markets whereas medium-high priced imported products are mainly found in five star hotel restaurants and foreign owned supermarkets in major urban centres such as Manila.The majority of food consumed by the Filipinos are mainly manufactured by local companies such as San Miguel and RFM Corporation, which produces all major food sectors, such as processed meat products, processed fruit and veget ables products, dairy products and snacks. These manufactured food positive(p) with fresh meat, fruits and vegetables are the typical food for the low-middle class Filipinos, who are the dominant consumer in the Philippines. However, middle-high income earners are demanding for non-traditional and imported foods that are ready-to-eat and in turn for a modernisation in the food-retailing sector. This is a good opportunity for our company to venture in the Philippines by exporting our local goods to meet their demands.According to a company that organizes trade ex sits (2012), this year itself the foods and beverages industry is expected to grow around 5% to 10%, stimulated by the demand of healthier foods and beverages. As said by Mildred Caballero (2012), prexy of Tradecon, Right now, there is more focus on health food and health-related products. Now, when people buy food, they look for health benefits. That is the strength of the industry right now, in an interview at the fifth annual Philippines International Food and Beverage Expo. Other factors that influence and shape the countrys demand for food and beverage products are the Filipinos food-oriented shade that stresses on frequent snacking, the youth oriented food market (35% of the population is below 15 years old), the increasing workforce participation by women and dual income households, which results in greater demand for convenience food that is easy to prepare, and also the western influence on the food and beverage market.Entry ModeAs consumers in the Philippines are becoming more health conscious, our company could export our local products and increase the range of their positive products. Although countries like United States and New Zealand are the top exporters of packaged foods to the Philippines, there is still opportunity for our company to provide them with healthier packaged food products such as seafood-based, vegetarian, all natural and organic products. It is also expected that m ore Filipinos are moving to urban areas due to better job opportunities and demand for easy meal preparation packaged food products will definitely increase. Apart from their traditional Filipino dishes being the majority meal solution, there are still opportunities for our local cuisine as the market slowly evolves to globalization. Despite that, we will have to consider factors like affordability due to limited disposable income of most households.Hotels and AccommodationThe other business that is suitable in the Philippines is the hotel and resort business. As we know that, the hotel industry is related to the tourism industry in one country. Anticipating the tourism industry in the country can bring the answer whether to enter the market of hotel industry in that country is a valid decision.The tourism industry of Philippines had kept on building up as visitor arrivals from January to September 2012 had reached an amount of 3,149,985 for a 9.08% topping over last years arrivals of 2,887,715 for the same time of the year. Most markets throughout the mentioned period had showed increasing growth assesss.Korea continued as the Philippiness top tourist market with 752,918 arrivals, for 23.90% of the total visitor volume, and displaying an expansion of 9.61%. Korea is followed by the U.S.A., which made up 485,484 or 15.41% of the total visitor arrivals. This market increase 4.01% from the 466,767 visitors registered for the same time last year. In the meantime, Japan supplied 311,008 arrivals for 9.87% share to total visitor volume, increasing the percentage up by 8.52% from 2011. China positioned at the fourth place with 6.25% share of the total visitor volume or total visitor arrivals of 196,926. This market registered total visitor arrivals of 171, 981 versus its double-digit expansion of 14.50% a year ago. Taiwan is positioned at fifth with 171,420 arrivals for a 5.44% share of the total visitor volume. This market expanded by 25.39% from 136,713 arrivals registered last year, therefore, setting the uppermost growth rate amongst the top five markets.After examining the tourism aspect of the Philippines, we also took the business environment of Philippines into consideration. With the lifting of restrictions on the foreign investment law, 100% foreign equity may be approved in all sectors of investment apart from those held in reserve for Filipinos by consent of the Philippine Constitution and existing laws. A foreign corporation has to initially acquire the essential licenses or registrations from the proper government organization. For corporations or partnerships, the required incorporation documents from the Securities and Exchange Commission must be attained.The government of Philippines appreciates the critical role of private sector investments and, thus, pledges to constantly improve the business environment. Foreign investments are inspired to fulfill capital gaps, assist in provide employment, enhance production, and supply a base for the overall growth of the economy.Investment laws and regulations have therefore been loosened to ease the entry of foreign investments.Entry ModeThere are a few form of entry that can be considered in entering the hotel industry in Philippines. The form of entry that is deemed suitable is through merger and acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions(M A) is a common term used to signify the combining of companies. A merger is the merging of two companies to create a new company, whereas an acquisition is the acquirement of a company by another where no new company is established. (Investopedia, 2012) We have chosen this form of entry with valid reasons. due to the established market in Philippines, it is appropriate to use this form of entry to enter the market. Using MA also provides a certain advantage that is to minimise the time needed to start the business which includes building a hotel or resort from scratches. The effort of gathering human resources to manage the b usiness is also void to the minimum since the basic labor force has already existed and the company only needs to delegate the management sector of the business. Since the hotel industry is a high capital and high risk business, we avoid using the Greenfield form of entry for the risk it imposes.Currency and the International Monetary PolicyThe bills in Philippines is Peso or officially piso. The currency code or an international abbreviation for Peso is PHP and the symbol of it would be P (a line or a double line in the middle of the capital P). The currency rankings show that the most popular Philippines Peso exchange rate is the PHP to USD rate. Peso is divided into 100 centavos (officially centimo). Currently in November 2012, the U.S. dollar is worth about 41 pesos and the Euro about 52 pesos. Current are coins of 1, 5, 10, and 25 centavos and 1 and 5 pesos, and bank notes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 pesos. atomic number 23 and ten peso note is no longer printed , but still legal tender. In 1997, all old Philippine currency was replaced by new bank notes and coins. Notes from before 1997 cannot be used anymore. In December 2010, a new series of banknotes was announced. The old notes will remain valid for at least three more years. New coins have been announced for 2012. The Security Plant Complex of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is where the coins and banknotes are made.In 2009, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas announced that has launched a massive plan for current banknotes and coins to further enhance security features and improve durability. Sources from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the members of the numismatic committee include Bangko Sentral Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo and Dr. Ambeth Ocampo Chairman of the National Historical Institute. The new banknote designs feature famous Filipinos and iconic natural wonders. Philippine national symbols will be depicted on coins. The BSP started releasing the initial batch of new banknotes in December 2010 while new coins will be introduced beginning 2012. Current banknotes will remain legal tender for at least three years exactly in December 2013.Table below is the current exchange rates taken last updated on Tuesday, 6 November 1600Currency ruleRateRatepesos / foreign currencyforeign currency / pesoUS dollarUSD41.2510.024242EuroEUR52.8010.018939Japanese yenJPY0.514631.9431Australian dollarAUD43.0570.023225Brasilian realBRL20.2820.049304Bulgarian levBGN26.9970.037041Canadian dollarCAD41.5040.024094Chinese yuan renminbiCNY6.58650.15183Croatian kunaHRK7.00980.14266Czech korunaCZK2.08660.47925Danish kroneDKK7.07770.14129Hong Kong dollarHKD5.32250.18788Hungarian forintHUF0.187375.3370Indian rupeeINR0.757801.3196Indonesian rupiahIDR0.0042883233.20Israeli New ShekelILS10.5880.094443Latvian latsLVL75.8310.013187Lithuanian litasLTL15.2920.065393Malaysian ringgitMYR13.4630.074277Mexican pesoMXN3.16990.31546New Romanian leuRON11.6840.085586New Turkish liraTRY23.2180.043069New Zealand dollarNZD34.1730.029263Norwegian kroneNOK7.21130.13867Polish zlotyPLN12.8130.078048Pound sterlingGBP65.9230.015169Russian roubleRUB1.31000.76335Singapore dollarSGD33.7150.029660South African randZAR4.73590.21115South Korean wonKRW0.03781926.442Swedish kronaSEK6.15960.16235Swiss francCHF43.7280.022869Thai bahtTHB1.34100.74569The Philippines has used the floating exchange rate system for many years. As a result, it was not one of the Asiatic Tigers that thrived under fixed exchange rates. When the tiger economies moved to the floating exchange rate system, their economies collapsed in what is was called the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.In recent years, the Philippines have moved away from a strict application of the floating exchange rate system (Central Banks description of policy). Philippine banks are allowed to purchase foreign currency for their own accounts, following the Central Banks guidelines. These guidelines require depository banks to maintain 100% cover for th eir foreign currency liabilities (except for US dollar denominated repurchase agreements with the Central Bank- Section 73). In addition, the Central Bank admits that it intervenes in the market to stabilize the currency and ensure the competitiveness of Philippine products.From the official foreign reserves, the Philippines now build up official foreign reserves and since 2003 has had current account surpluses. Its foreign investments have increased from the equivalent of 2.6 months imports in 1995 to the equivalent of more than 9 months imports in 2009. It appears to be stabilizing the exchange rate and raising its foreign reserves. This movement away from the strict application of Friedmans floating exchange rate system is injecting new gold into the Philippine economy, thereby stimulating economic growth, which reached 8% in real terms in 2007. At the same time, it is improving the external balance of payments position of its economy.In addition, it is contributing to the econo mic growth of the Philippines. The graph below shows the growth imports and exports in the Philippines. The global financial crisis has reduced exports in 2008 and 2009 and reduced imports in 2009.http//www.buoyanteconomies.com/Philip1.gifExports and Imports in current dollar terms (source Central Bank of the Philippines)Even so, further reform to monetary policy of the Philippines could see that economy grow more promptly to utilize the existing high level of unemployed resources while maintaining balance of payments stability.

Climate Change Essay -- Environment Environmental

Climate ChangeIntroductionWhat is the oceans situation in climate? The oceans play a vital and pivotal role in the distribution of life sustaining urine throughout our planet. 86% of the evaporation that occurs on earth is over the oceans. The oceans ar the planets largest reservoir of water transferring huge amounts of water more or less the hydrological cycle. In fact the oceans dominate the hydrological cycle, for they contain 97% of the global water inventory . The hydrological cycle can be disrupted by changes in ocean circulation that play such an important role on evaporation and precipitation. When the ocean circulation system changes it can change how much heat and rainfall is distributed around the world. Changes on a global scale can ultimately lead to flooding and long term drought in various regions. The big questions be can we monitor the oceans circulation and watch for climate changes? Can we predict what might happen if the ocean circulation changed dramatically ? We have experienced major climate changes in the past can we look for evidence of ocean change during these periods?The Conveyor BeltThe global ocean circulation system is called the thermohaline circulation. Often called the conveyor belt dexterity of Wallace Broecker who in an article for Natural History in 1987 had an artist draw a simplified version of the thermohaline circulation and called it the conveyor belt. Wallace Broecker is the Newberry Professor of ground and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. He has taught at Columbia since 1959, and his research interests include paleoclimatology, ocean chemistry, isotope dating and environmental science. He conducts much of his research in Columbia Universitys Lamont Doherty Earth O... ...s for past as well as future. Computer models are limited partly due to the limits of current technology and the fact that there are so many factors to analyse. Some scientists believe we require a more detailed study of the sub-gr id-scale processes in the ocean and others say we need to establish the marine equivalent of our MET office. It is fair to say that considerably more research and investment is required if we are to learn more about the fine balance of the standard pressure and the oceans. Global climate changes have had a devastating effect on societies in the past. Rapid climate change in Britain could grind the infrastructure to a halt and effect the economy drastically. Ecosystems, economies and societies adapt better to gradual change and our ability to predict what the consequences are of global warming or changes in the oceanic currents is very important.

An Investigation and a Report into the Customer Services at Sainsburys :: Business and Management Studies: Case Studies

An Investigation and a Report into the Customer Services at SainsburysIntroductionFor my line report on node service I have chosen toinvestigate Sainsburys.Sainsburys is a track downing UK and US food retailer although Sainsburysmain melodic line activity consists of food sales they also have interestsin financial and property markets. The Sainsburys group consists ofSainsburys supermarkets and bank in the UK and Shaws supermarkets inthe US and employ a total of 172,900 people throughout their company.What is Customer service?Customer service is very important to every company and keepingclients satisfied can lead to a big increase in profit. A surveycarried out by NOP showed that reducing customer defections can raiseprofits by 25-85% and in 73% of cases the organisation in questionmade no attempt to persuade dissatisfied customers to stay with theircompany, despite 35% of them saying a impartial apology would preventthem from moving to their competitors. Another survey carrie d out byHENL showed that a 1% cut in customer service problems could amazea 16 million pound profit for a medium sized business over 5 years.This shows that customer gaiety can actually generate money.Another example of the benefits of keeping current customers satisfiedare the surveys produced by TARP and PriceWaterhouseCooper. This TARPsurvey showed that 68% of customer defection takes place because thecustomer feels that they have been poorly treated and that it can costup to five times more to buy new customers than to retain existingones. Customer satisfaction not only benefits sales of goods andservices but can also lead to bills being paid earlier by thecustomer. PriceWaterhouseCooper and the university of Bradfordsurveyed3000 businessmen and the results show that if in that respect was high customersatisfaction then bills were paid up to 14 days earlier than wherethere was poor customer satisfaction. All of this evidence shows thatcustomer service is an integral part of a successful company.The importance of customer service to Sainsburys is reflected in theirmission statementOur mission is to be the customers first option for food, deliveringproducts of outstanding quality and great service at a competitivecost through working faster, simpler and together.Types of customersThere are many dissimilar types of customer and they fall mainly intotwo categories external and internal. External customersThese are people who visit the store to buy their products or servicesand they all have different needs to be catered for. They are peoplesuch as the.Children (families)-Their need is equipment to be designed with their childrens safety inmind. There will be a lot of families visiting Sainsburys to purchase